Production and Characterization of Glucosamine from Bovine Synovial Fluid.

Objectives: Glucosamine is a natural aminomonosaccharide, which is a normal constituent of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage matrix and synovial fluid. Glucosamine has a role in the synthesis of cell membrane (building) lining, collagen, osteoid, and bone matrix. The present work was undertaken to investigate bovine synovial fluid for the production of glucosamine. The method used for isolation of glucosamine included acid hydrolysis of the fluid. Results: The produced glucosamine(0.73-2.60%) had been purified and characterized by different identification methods that include: chemical colour tests; thin layer chromatography; C18- high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectrophotometery compared to standard glucosamine. We can conclude that, there is an essential need for every body to produce and/or to take glucosamine supplements to stimulate the production of synovial fluid which lubricates cartilage and keeps joint healthy. This led to the fact that reliable analytical methods should be carried for quality assessment of glucosamine commercial products used by consumers. In this research the investigated bovine synovial fluid was recognized to afford a considerable amount of glucosamine obtained by acid hydrolysis. Conclusions: The adopted and the described methods of analysis could be applied in qualitative and quantitative determination surveys of different supplement products containing glucosamine

Laparoscopic Assessment of Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases Among IUD Users

ABSTRAK Ibnu Pranoto, Mochamad Anwar dan Mochamad Rois Ma\u27mun - Penentuan penyakit radang panggul pada pemakai IUD dengan laparaskopi.Penyakit Radang Panggul (PRP) adalah salah satu komplikasi terpenting yang terjadi pada pemakaian IUD. Telah diteliti 390 talon akseptor sterilisasi ligasi tuba secara laparoskopi, dengan perincian 194 kasus (49,7%) akseptor IUD dan 196 (50,3%) bukan akseptor IUDdilakukan eksplorasi rongga panggul untuk melihat adanya PRP sebelum dilakukan sterilisasi ligasi tuba. Didapat angka risiko relatif 95% PRD pada aksep for IUD sebany-ak 2,52 dibandingdengan non-IUD. Makin lama pemakaian IUD, makin besar risiko terjadinya PRP clan kenaikan yang tajam PRP se telah pemakaian 2 tahun. hisersi IUD oleh bidan atau dokter umum mempunyai risiko hampir sama untuk terjadinya PRP. Bila insersi dilakukan dengan tempat dan peralatan medis yang kurang baik, maka risiko kejadian PRP lebih besar. Disimpulkan bahwa laparoskopi eksplorasi memberikan keuntungan yang lebih dalam mendiagnosis PRP, terutama yang secara klinis ridak dapat ditentukan. Key Words: pelvic inflammatory disease - laparoscopic sterilization - IUD - family planning program - gynaecolog

TEACHING ENGLISH BASIC SKILLS TO KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS USING TPR: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY IN DOCTO RABBIT KINDERGARTEN, TELAGA GOLF SAWANGAN, DEPOK

The goal of this study is to find out the effectiveness of using Total Physical Method in teaching English Basic Skills for kindergarten students, especially in Docto Rabbit Kindergarten School, Telaga Golf, Sawangan, Depok. The method used is quantitative method and to analyze the data, SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Scientist) 16 regarding T-Test is used.  The finding of this study is the fact that using Total Physical Response method is effective in teaching English basic skills for young learners because it suit with their characters. TPR method, developed by Dr. James Asher tries to introduce some language skills in an action in which a teacher serves three roles: an order taker, a model provider, and an action monitor in which learners serve as models and action performers until they feel ready to speak out and enjoy studying English. Key words: young learners, total physical response (TPR), English Basic Skill

Scaling Theory and Numerical Simulations of Aerogel Sintering

A simple scaling theory for the sintering of fractal aerogels is presented. The densification at small scales is described by an increase of the lower cut-off length $a$ accompanied by a decrease of the upper cut-off length $\xi$, in order to conserve the total mass of the system. Scaling laws are derived which predict how $a$, $\xi$ and the specific pore surface area $\Sigma$ should depend on the density $\rho$. Following the general ideas of the theory, numerical simulations of sintering are proposed starting from computer simulations of aerogel structure based on a diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation gelling process. The numerical results for $a$, $\xi$ and $\Sigma$ as a function of $\rho$ are discussed according to the initial aerogel density. The scaling theory is only fully recovered in the limit of very low density where the original values of $a$ and $\xi$ are well separated. These numerical results are compared with experiments on partially densified aerogels.Comment: RevTex, 17 pages + 6 postscript figures appended using "uufiles". To appear in J. of Non-Cryst. Solid

The linear inverse problem in energy beam processing with an application to abrasive waterjet machining

The linear inverse problem for energy beam processing, in which a desired etched profile is known and a trajectory of the beam that will create it must be found, is studied in this paper. As an example, abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM) is considered here supported by extensive experimental investigations. The behaviour of this process can be described using a linear model when the angle between the jet and the surface is approximately constant during the process, as occurs for shallow etched profiles. The inverse problem is usually solved by simply controlling dwell time in proportion to the required depth of milling, without considering whether the target surface can actually be etched. To address this, a Fourier analysis Is used to show that high frequency components in the target surface cannot be etched due to the geometry of the jet and the dynamics of the machine. In this paper, this frequency domain analysis is used to improve the choice of the target profile in such a way that it can be etched. The dynamics of the machine also have a large influence on the actual movement of the jet. It is very difficult to describe this effect because the controller of the machine is usually unknown. A simple approximation is used for the choice of the slope of a step profile. The tracking error between the desired trajectory and the real one is reduced and the etched profile is improved. Several experimental tests are presented to show the usefulness of this approach. Finally, the limitations of the linear model are studied

Biomass carbon stocks and their changes in northern China's grasslands during 1982-2006

Grassland covers approximately one-third of the area of China and plays an important role in the global terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. However, little is known about biomass C stocks and dynamics in these grasslands. During 2001-2005, we conducted five consecutive field sampling campaigns to investigate above-and below-ground biomass for northern China's grasslands. Using measurements obtained from 341 sampling sites, together with a NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) time series dataset over 1982-2006, we examined changes in biomass C stock during the past 25 years. Our results showed that biomass C stock in northern China's grasslands was estimated at 557.5 Tg C (1 Tg=10(12) g), with a mean density of 39.5 g C m(-2) for above-ground biomass and 244.6 g C m(-2) for below-ground biomass. An increasing rate of 0.2 Tg C yr(-1) has been observed over the past 25 years, but grassland biomass has not experienced a significant change since the late 1980s. Seasonal rainfall (January-July) was the dominant factor driving temporal dynamics in biomass C stock; however, the responses of grassland biomass to climate variables differed among various grassland types. Biomass in arid grasslands (i.e., desert steppe and typical steppe) was significantly associated with precipitation, while biomass in humid grasslands (i.e., alpine meadow) was positively correlated with mean January-July temperatures. These results suggest that different grassland ecosystems in China may show diverse responses to future climate changes